"Journal of World Research"

SOCIAL-CULTURAL STIGMAS AND ENCOUNTERS FACED BY ‘STILL UNMARRIED’ WOMEN AND THEIR FAMILIES

Nayab Bukhari, Mehwish Riaz, — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Marriage is an important institution of human society that binds two humans socially, morally, and religiously. Due to recent trends and transformations in society, most women do not prefer to get married or are not eligible to get married as per various socio-cultural norms and demands. This research is focused on the issues single women faced — from social unacceptability to finding accommodation to finding places to interact safely with each other which — are not being addressed by society or the state. The purpose of the study was to explore women’s experiences of being stigmatized by society as leftover and to find out sociocultural constraints faced by still unmarried women and their families. In this regard, the sample of 10 still unmarried women of age 35 and above was selected by using the snowball sampling technique for conducting in-depth interviews. For thematic analysis, it was concluded that still unmarried girls are not only facing problems by themselves but their families too are faced with various social pressures Theoretical considerations of social, economic, and demographic factors promoting delayed marriage. All this requires an identity shift to reframe single as a positive social identity which begins by raising awareness about singlism. The findings of this study may promote positive social change by raising awareness about singlism.

THE BRITISH POLITICAL & DIPLOMATIC POLICY REGARDING PUNJAB-BALOCHISTAN BORDER

Dr. Abid Hussain Abbasi, Saad Jaffar — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0000

With the beginning of the great game, the British government felt a threat from the north-west border and decided to cross the Indus in 1839 and reached Kabul. With the death of Ranjeet Singh colonial government also occupied Sindh in 1843. In Punjab the Sikh government lasting its breath. The British government decided to take over Punjab. So the British won the First Sikh War and similarly won the Second Sikh War and annexed Punjab to the British Government. In Dera Ghazi Khan, the British government faced stiff resistance from the Baloch tribes. And the English army used artillery in war with the tribes. The British government tried to control the Baloch tribes by force but failed and the advance towards Balochistan slowed down. In these circumstances, the government took care of administrative matters through various policies. The advance towards Balochistan was stopped and the closed border policy was implemented, but later Sandeman negotiated with the tribes and subdued them first under the reconciliation policy and then under the principle of divide and rule by introducing the Tamandari system and subordinating them to the Tamandars. Implemented to make the forward policy successful. Sandeman's policy was successful and British rule extended to Balochistan. The English government confined the people in grip through Tamandars, as well as administratively Deputy Commissioners, Revenue Officers, Collectors, and Patwaris. And his strategy to go beyond the Punjab-Baluchistan border was successful. Sandeman proved that the state could be extended not only by force but also by diplomatic policy and his conciliatory policy was well received. This research article explains and highlights the strategies and policies adopted regarding expanding British rule from Punjab to Balochistan.

HABERMAS AND THE CONCEPT OF THE PUBLIC SPHERE: A REVIEW OF PUBLIC SPHERE THEORY

Dr. Ahmed Mohamed Fawzy Mohamed Hussein, , Dr. Sohail akhtar — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Since the mid-1960s, public sphere studies have received increasing attention; because of the theoretical contribution of the German academic researcher Jürgen Habermas, who traced the history of the emergence of the public sphere in Europe in the modern era. The main dimension of Habermas’ contribution was related to the nature of the communicational public sphere, as distinct from the political sphere, and from the civil sphere where relations based on mutual interest and trust. So, this contribution sought to identify the public sphere theory in public space; to monitor the structure of this space and its functions, and the role it played in understanding the issues of the contemporary world.

PROPHETHOOD PERSPECTIVE AND LAWS UNDER CONSTITUTION OF PAKISTAN

Mr. Salman, , Usman Ali, — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The finality of Prophethood, Nabuwwat or Risalat is proved articulately by the Holy Quran and the Ahadith of the Holy Prophet. There are many verses which explain this concept. No one will be considered as a Nabi or Rasool after the Holy Prophet. This Belief is one of the major and vital beliefs of Islam. Pakistan is a Muslim country and its constitution and law also protect the creed of Khatm e Nabowat, therefore this article determines in the light of the Constitution of Pakistan, 1973 and Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 the status of individuals who do not accept that the Prophet Muhammad Sallah o Alayh e Wasallam is the final messenger sent by Allah. Furthermore, this article will also highlight the efforts and struggles for the protection of Khatme Nabowat.

IMPACT OF DIGITALIZATION AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON LOCAL TOURISM INDUSTRY

Syed Iftikhar Ali Gillani, Aziz Haider — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The proliferation and integration of digital technology and Artificial intelligence has inevitably changed all the aspect of our daily lives as it provides significant improvement and convenience. We could not stress enough the importance of digital technology, Artificial Intelligence and its valuable contribution to the world. The digital technology has created worldwide worth around 443 billion dollars in the year of 2021, 396 billion increased in the year of 2020, and forecasting 2026 approximately will be 691 dollars. The tourism and travels industries has contributed in world GDP of 10.2 per cent (US$ 7.6 trillion), approximately 68% of the tourist use their mobile phone to search information. The commercial and tourism sector is improved by using of artificial intelligence to boost up their operational capabilities, optimize process and offer a better service to the customers, and face- to – face customer services, using robots, the intelligence predictive application which are helping the customers related to the prices of hotels.

DISPUTE RESOLUTION COUNCILS IN PAKISTAN: ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN ALTERNATIVE MECHANISM FOR RESOLVING LOCAL DISPUTES

Nadia Iqbal, , Shams ul Arfeen — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Dispute resolution councils (DRCs) in Pakistan have emerged as a popular and effective mechanism for resolving disputes at the community level. DRCs are composed of local representatives and community leaders who provide a quick and accessible means of dispute resolution for people who may not have access to the formal justice system. This article aims to assess the effectiveness of the DRCs as an alternative mechanism for resolving local disputes in Pakistan. The article will examine the strengths and weaknesses of the DRCs, their impact on access to justice, and the challenges they face. However, despite their popularity, DRCs confront a variety of difficulties and flaws that must be fixed to increase their efficacy and sustainability. These challenges include the lack of trained personnel, inadequate resources, limited public awareness and trust, limited expertise in dealing with complex legal issues, and a need for better coordination with the formal justice system. To address these challenges, it is recommended that DRCs receive regular training and capacity-building, greater resource allocation, improved public awareness and trust, better integration with the formal justice system, and better monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. By implementing these recommendations, it is possible to improve the effectiveness and sustainability of DRCs in Pakistan and to ensure that they provide accessible, affordable, and reliable justice to the people of Pakistan.